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axe ties
Axe ties are railway ties (or sleeper)〔"Railroad n." def. 3.c. ''Oxford English Dictionary'' Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009〕 that are hewn by hand, usually with a broadaxe. There are 2,900 ties per mile of track on a first class railroad. The early railways would not accept ties cut with a saw, as it was claimed that the kerf of the saw splintered the fibres of the wood, leaving them more likely to soak up moisture causing premature rot.
==The process==
Geoff Marples wrote an account of being a ''tiehack'' in the East Kootenays in 1938 and described the process of making axe ties to include:〔(Marples, Geoff. "The Tiehack", part 1.. ''British Columbia Forest History Newsletter''. No. 60. ) August 2000. Victoria, B. C., Forest History Association of British Columbia. p. 1-4. print.〕〔(Marples, Geoff. "The Tiehack", part 2.. ''British Columbia Forest History Newsletter''. No. 61. ) December 2000. Victoria, B. C., Forest History Association of British Columbia. p. 1-4. print.〕 First a suitable tree was chosen and then ''falling'' and ''limbing'' the tree. Next came ''scoring'' which is chopping, by eye without a chalk line, of notches to remove extra wood about every ; ''hewing'' the trunks only on two sides unless the log was over ; ''bucking'' (cutting to in this case ); ''peeling'' any remaining bark off; and stacking the ties so a chain can be wrapped around them. Next came ''skidding'' each group of ties to a landing with a team of horses, and then loading and ''hauling'' the ties to a railway siding by truck and unloading by hand. ''Scaling'' was the key event where a railroad inspector accepted or culled (rejected) and graded each tie as a number one ( by used for the main railroad lines) or number two ( by used for sidings). ''Loading'' the ties by hand onto a car was the last task. Marples wrote that he netted 48 cents for each grade one, and 36 cents for each grade two and made $150 for a winters work.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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